When @helenamalikova.bsky.social & I (with others) were working on #adtech, the only other exchange we could find besides Google & Facebook was Yandex. Because in China the full stack is built into single companies; China do also have digital ad exchanges. (1 of 3)
Preprint, with @mhampel.bsky.social, & started out by Wiebke Dorfs back when she was my @hertieschool.bsky.social dissertation student.
The Non-Binarity of AI Global Competition: 2018-2025
Also extends Maddison's life's work on global GDP since 1820, contextualising #AIBubble.
#AIColdWar [not]
