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Structural equation model of nitrogen (N) and water level (WL) effects on Carex schmidtii growth during the vegetative growth stage (a). Structural equation model of nitrogen and water level effects on C. schmidtii growth during the reproductive growth stage (b). *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively. Single arrows denote causal relationships. Solid blue lines indicate significant positive relationships, dashed red lines indicate significant negative relationships, and solid gray lines indicate non-significant paths. The numbers next to the arrows represent standardized path coefficients, with thicker lines indicating stronger relationships. EC, electrical conductivity; SIN, soil inorganic nitrogen; MBC, microbial biomass carbon; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen; H, plant height; LA, leaf area; A, net photosynthetic rate; NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; WUE, water use efficiency.