Quantum Bayesian retrodiction provably surpasses classical learning at a sharp threshold: 5-outcome measurements violate classical bounds, while ≤4-outcome measurements remain classically explainable—distinguishable by observer predictions alone.

Quantum Bayesian retrodiction provably surpasses classical learning at a sharp threshold: 5-outcome measurements violate classical bounds, while ≤4-outcome measurements remain classically explainable—distinguishable by observer predictions alone.