Alcohol increases glutamate levels in the brain's anterior cingulate cortex while reducing its functional activity and disrupting its connections with other brain regions.

Neuroinflammation may contribute to maternal anhedonia by disrupting dopamine-dependent reward circuitry.

Depressed mood and anhedonia are linked to changes in brain surface area in youth.

Functional neurological disorder may arise when the brain overweights incorrect functional predictions relative to actual sensory input within insula–cingulate–sensorimotor circuits in response to stress.

The genetic link between depression and type 2 diabetes is substantially driven by socioeconomic factors.

Brain connectivity patterns between the subgenual cingulate and the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex before treatment may help predict who will respond to brain stimulation for depression, though findings remain mixed.

Boosting dopamine in healthy volunteers actually impaired the brain's ability to prioritize goal-relevant information, supporting the theory that dopamine disruption in psychosis may drive both negative and positive symptoms.

Transcranial direct current stimulation significantly improved negative and general symptoms of schizophrenia, and this improvement accompanied N100 normalization.

Computational models of the brain are now bridging the gap from molecules to behavior, generating testable hypotheses about mental illness and guiding translational research toward experiments most likely to lead to new treatments.

Neurons critical for working memory in the prefrontal cortex have uniquely large, highly connected structures compared to other brain regions. This is a primate-specific specialization that may explain why these cells are especially vulnerable in schizophrenia.

The genetic overlap between bipolar disorder and substance use disorders is driven by genes linked to addiction and dependence, not substance use in general, implicating dopamine signaling pathways.

Brain MRI scans show some promise in distinguishing treatment-resistant schizophrenia from treatment-responsive cases, but the accuracy remains modest.

Cannabis use is linked to earlier psychosis onset by about 2.5 years average, with the effect growing dramatically stronger in older-onset groups.

Brain connectivity patterns linked to suicide risk (particularly disrupted prefrontal-limbic-subcortical circuitry) may represent individual "fingerprints" for personalized risk assessment.

A new brain-connectivity-based targeting approach can be used to personalize where repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is delivered for depression, with stimulation closer to each patient's most abnormal connection linked to greater symptom improvement.

Early-life stress, brain connectivity patterns, and stress-related mental health symptoms all shape how episodic memory develops in children.

Despite a decade of progress using EEG and eye-tracking, clinically actionable biomarkers for autism remain elusive. Strategies like genomic stratification and multimodal digital phenotyping could help bridge the gap between biology and clinical utility.