📈 In the U.S. case, we find that college/non-college-educated men and non-college educated women are more likely to vote GOP following layoffs of non-college-educated men. Crucially, that effect is most apparent where such layoffs coincide with growth in women's place in local workforces.

Men across classes see such labor market transformations as indicative of costly cultural upheaval. Working-class women, while more economically autonomous, see the new arrangement as a rotten deal—working more but often earning less than what their husbands once did.

We argue that layoffs of working-class men—amid growth in women's paid labor—give rise to "nostalgic" coalitions of men and women that seek to revive male-dominated industries and restore male-breadwinner family models. These coalitions bolster the electoral fortunes of right-wing parties.